Good physical fitness reduces risk of dementia and depression - study

Even small improvements can make a difference.

Details

Researchers analysed data from 27 long-term studies involving more than 4 million people.

They studied cardiorespiratory endurance - that is, the ability of the heart and lungs to supply the body with oxygen during physical activity.

The results showed:

• people with higher endurance had a 36 per cent lower risk of depression
• had a 39% lower risk of dementia
• 29% lower risk of psychotic disorders

Importantly, the effect was not only seen in 'very athletic' people.

Even small improvements in shape - for example, to the level of normal daily activity - were already associated with reduced risks.

Why it matters

Physical fitness is one of the few factors that you can improve on your own.

This means that:

• movement can play a role in protecting mental health
• prevention is possible, not just treatment
• simple habits can have a long-term effect

That said, it is about risk reduction, not complete protection.

Background

The link between physical activity and mental health has long been studied. Movement is thought to affect brain function, inflammation levels and stress.

However, it is endurance as a standalone indicator that has been less often studied.

Source

The study is published in the journal Nature Mental Health (2026). The scientists conducted a meta-analysis of 27 studies involving more than 4 million people.